Omega-3 Benefits and Facts
- Part 6
Introduction
Cardiovascular and Heart
Disease
Pregnancy and Infant Nutrition
Skin Conditions
Joint Health and
Arthritis
Other Diseases
Other Disease Studies and Clinical Trials:
Omega-3 fatty acids are studied for their potential benefits
in many other areas of interest. There has been a whole host
of clinical trials investigating the benefits of omega-3s
in a variety of disease states such as:
- Allergies and asthma
- Multiple sclerosis
- Cancer (breast cancer, colon cancer
and prostate cancer)
- Tumor growth inhibition
- Crohn’s and inflammatory
bowel disease
- Diet, weight control, and obesity
- Adult and child attention
deficit disorder
- Cholesterol reduction
- Bipolar disorder
- Arteriosclerotic diseases
When you think about it, it is amazing that omega-3 fatty
acids have been linked to benefit so many disease states
such as allergies, colon cancer, prostate cancer, breast
cancer, ADD, and many more. The body of encouraging scientific
information is ever increasing and more positive clinical
trials and studies are coming out everyday associating the
positive attributes of omega-3 fatty acids and human health.
Breast Cancer and Omega-3:
Supplementing the diet of tumor-bearing
mice or rats with oils containing (n-3) (omega-3) or with
purified (n-3)
fatty acids has slowed the growth of various types of
cancers, including lung, colon, mammary, and prostate. The
efficacy
of cancer chemotherapy drugs such as doxorubicin, epirubicin,
CPT-11, 5-fluorouracil, and tamoxifen, and of radiation
therapy has been improved when the diet included (n-3)
fatty acids. Some potential mechanisms for the activity
of (n-3) fatty acids against cancer include modulation
of eicosanoid production and inflammation, angiogenesis,
proliferation, susceptibility for apoptosis, and estrogen
signaling. In humans, (n-3) fatty acids have also been
used to suppress cancer-associated cachexia and to improve
the quality of life. In one study, the response to chemotherapy
therapy was better in breast cancer patients with higher
levels of (n-3) fatty acids in adipose tissue [indicating
past consumption of (n-3) fatty acids] than in patients
with lower levels of (n-3) fatty acids. Thus, in combination
with standard treatments, supplementing the diet with
(n-3) fatty acids may be a nontoxic means to improve cancer
treatment
outcomes and may slow or prevent recurrence of cancer.
Used alone, an (n-3) supplement may be a useful alternative
therapy for patients who are not candidates for standard
toxic cancer therapies.
Omega-3 Benefits to Bipolar Disorder and General Depression:
Epidemiologic
studies have suggested that consumption of cold water fish
oils may have some protective function
against depression. This proposition is supported by
a series of biochemical and pharmacologic studies that have
suggested that fatty acids may modulate neurotransmitter
metabolism and cell signal trans-duction in humans and
that abnormalities in fatty acid and eicosanoid metabolism
may play a causal role in depression. Aware of the critical
need for antidepression treatments that might not carry
the risk of precipitating a manic episode in bipolar
patients,
we decided to conduct an open-label add-on trial of eicosapentaenoic
acid (EPA) in bipolar depression. METHOD: Twelve bipolar
I outpatients with depressive symptoms diagnosed by DSM-IV
were treated with 1.5 to 2 g/day of the omega-3 fatty
acid EPA for up to 6 months. The study was conducted between
September 2001 and January 2003. RESULTS: Eight of the
10 patients who completed at least 1 month of follow-up
achieved a 50% or greater reduction in Hamilton Rating
Scale for Depression scores within 1 month. No patients
developed hypomania or manic symptoms. No significant
side
effects were reported. LIMITATIONS: This study is limited
both by the open-label design and by the small sample
size. As in all previous reported studies, patients in this
study
were treated in an outpatient setting, so that the most
severely depressed bipolar patients (requiring hospitalization)
are not represented. CONCLUSIONS: Although the ultimate
utility of omega-3 fatty acids in bipolar depression
is still an open question, we believe that these initial
results
are encouraging, especially for mild to moderate bipolar
depression, and justify the continuing exploration of
its use.
This is a report on a 37-patient continuation study of the
open ended, Omega-3 Fatty Acid (O-3FA) add-on study. Subjects
consisted of the original 19 patients, along with 18 new
patients recruited and followed in the same fashion as the
first nineteen. Subjects carried a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of
Bipolar Disorder and were visiting a Mood Disorder Clinic
regularly through the length of the study. At each visit,
patients' clinical status was monitored using the Clinical
Monitoring Form. Subjects reported on the frequency and severity
of irritability experienced during the preceding ten days;
frequency was measured by way of percentage of days in which
subjects experienced irritability, while severity of that
irritability was rated on a Likert scale of 1-4 (if present).
The irritability component of Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS)
was also recorded quarterly on 13 of the 39 patients consistently.
Patients had persistent irritability despite their ongoing
pharmacologic and psychotherapy. Omega-3 Fatty Acid intake
helped with the irritability component of patients suffering
from bipolar disorder with a significant presenting sign
of irritability. Low dose (1 to 2 grams per day), add-on
O-3FA may also help with the irritability component of different
clinical conditions, such as schizophrenia, borderline personality
disorder and other psychiatric conditions with a common presenting
sign of irritability.
Benefits for Atherosclerosis:
Dietary omega-3 (n-3) fatty
acids have a variety of anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating
effects that may be of relevance
to atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations of
myocardial infarction, sudden death, and stroke. The n-3
fatty acids
that appear to be most potent in this respect are the
long-chain polyunsaturates derived from marine oils, namely
eicosapentaenoic
acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and this review
is restricted to these substances. A variety of biologic
effects of EPA and DHA have been demonstrated from feeding
studies with fish or fish oil supplements in humans and
animals. These include effects on triglycerides, high-density
lipoprotein cholesterol, platelet function, endothelial
and vascular function, blood pressure, cardiac excitability,
measures of oxidative stress, pro- and anti-inflammatory
cytokines, and immune function. Epidemiologic studies
provide evidence for a beneficial effect of n-3 fatty acids
on
manifestations of coronary heart disease and ischemic
stroke, whereas randomized, controlled, clinical feeding
trials
support this, particularly with respect to sudden cardiac
death in patients with established disease. Clinically
important anti-inflammatory effects in man are further
suggested by trials demonstrating benefits of n-3 fatty
acids in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, asthma, and
inflammatory bowel disorders. Given the evidence relating
progression
of atherosclerosis to chronic inflammation, the n-3 fatty
acids may play an important role via modulation of the
inflammatory processes.
Supporting Clinical trials and References:
Arnold, L. Eugene. Alternative treatments for adults
with ADHD. [Clinical trial] Annals of the New York Academy of
Sciences, Vol. 931, June 2001, pp. 310-41
Bartoli, G. M.; Marra, G.; Pallozza, P.; Armelao, F.; Piccioni,
E.; Gentiloni, N.; Agostara, G.; Anti, M. Effect
of omega-3 fatty acids on rectal mucosal cell proliferation
in subjects
at risk for colon cancer. Medica Romana (1992), 30(1-2),
119-25
de Deckere EA. Possible beneficial effect of fish
and fish n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast and
colon cancer. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 1999; 8: 213-21
Chiu, Chih-Chiang; Huang, Shih-Yi; Su, Kuan-Pin; Lu, Mong-Liang;
Huang, Ming-Chyi; Chen, Chiao-Chicy; Shen, Winston W. Polyunsaturated
fatty acid deficit in patients with bipolar disorder. [Clinical
trial] Eropean Neuropsychopharmacology (2003), 13(2), 99-103
Gassmann, B. Bergholz, R., Dietary reference intakes
(DRI), report 6, part 2: Total fat, fatty acids, and cholesterol. Ernaehrungs-Umschau (2003), 50(4), 128-133
Gogos CA, Ginopoulos P, Salsa B, Apostolidou E, Zoumbos
NC, Kalfarentzos F. Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated
fatty acids plus vitamin E restore immunodeficiency and prolong
survival for severely ill patients with generalized malignancy. Cancer. 1998; 82: 395-402
Strohle, A., Schmitt, B., Watkinson, B. M. Hahn, A. Active
substances of functional food in the prevention of arteriosclerosis
part 1: physiological effects of n-3 fatty acids. Ernaehrungs-Umschau
(2002), 49(5), 172-177
Hodge L. Salome CM. Hughes JM. Liu-Brennan D. Rimmer J.
Allman M. Pang D. Armour C. Woolcock AJ. Effect of
dietary intake of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids on severity
of
asthma in children. [Clinical trial. Journal Article. Randomized
Controlled Trial] European Respiratory Journal. 11(2):361-5,
1998 Feb.
Nagakura T. Matsuda S. Shichijyo K. Sugimoto H. Hata K.
Dietary supplementation with fish oil rich in omega-3
polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with bronchial asthma. [Clinical
trial. Journal Article. Randomized Controlled Trial] European
Respiratory Journal. 16(5):861-5, 2000 Nov.
Nordvik I, Myhr KM, Nyland H, et al. Effect of dietary
advice and n-3 supplementation in newly diagnosed Multiple
sclerosis
patients. [Clinical trial] Acta Neurologica Scandinavica,
2000;102:143-149
Papas, Andreas M. Antioxidant status of the digesta
and colon cancer: is there a direct link? Antioxidant Status,
Diet, Nutrition, and Health (1999), 431-447
Reddy, B. S.; Hirose, Y.; Rao, C. V. Types of dietary
fat and colon cancer risk. Division of Nutritional Carcinogenesis,
American Health Foundation, Valhalla, NY, USA. Falk Symposium
(2003), 128(Exogenous Factors in Colonic Carcinogenesis),
120-127
Rose, David P.; Connolly, Jeanne M. Omega-3 fatty
acids as cancer chemopreventive agents. [Clinical trial] Pharmacology & Therapeutics
(1999), 83(3), 217-244
Tsujikawa, Tomoyuki, et al. Clinical importance
of n-3 fatty acid-rich diet and nutritional education for
the maintenance
of remission in Crohn's disease. [Clinical trial] Journal
of Gastroenterology, Vol. 35, 2000, pp. 99-104
Yount, Heidi R.; Siddiqui, Rafat A. Role of omega-3
fatty acids in the prevention of cancer-induced muscle
proteolysis. Abstracts of Papers, 227th ACS National Meeting, Anaheim,
CA, United States, March 28-April 1, 2004 (2004), CHED-242
Simopoulos, Artemis P. Omega-3 fatty acids and cancer. The
Center for Genetics, Nutrition and Health, Washington, DC,
USA. Indoor and Built Environment (2003), 12(6), 405-412
Informational Links to Omega-3 fatty acids, Colon Cancer,
and other Disease States:
Allergies,
Eczema, and Omega-3s (American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology)
Colon Cancer Information (Colon cancer Alliance)
Colon Cancer Information (National Cancer Institute)
Colon Cancer and Omega-3s (PubMed Articles on Colon cancer
and Omega-3s)
This material has been provided for information purposes
only and should not be construed as recommendations. Please
consult your health care provider first if you have any health
problems.
Soft-E-Care™ products that contain Omega-3s:
Omega-T™
Coromega™
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